Early humans have enjoyed close relationship with nature as indicated by the knowledge, innovations, and practices of indigenous and local communities. The case study of the Ifugaos, entitled Community-based Monitoring System for Restoring Balance, described their traditional monitoring and management systems like the “do nothing” to minimal economic activities and resource sharing. Threats to indigenous way of life include land use change and media. The indigenous territory management and indigenous socio-political cultural systems embrace respect in fellow human beings, sustainable use, equitable sharing of resources, access and benefit sharing....

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